Potassium Permanganate has shown extraordinary potential in the new energy industry, especially in promoting innovations in energy storage and conversion technologies.

As a strong oxidant and efficient electrochemical material, Potassium Permanganate is not only used as an electrolyte additive or cathode material in traditional lithium-ion batteries and sodium-sulfur batteries, significantly improving the energy density and cycle life of these batteries, but also shines in innovative flow battery systems.

Researchers have successfully developed a flow battery based on Potassium Permanganate, which releases energy through the reduction reaction of Potassium Permanganate and incorporates an innovative charging mechanism, such as the direct reaction of anode sulfur (solution) with oxygen, to achieve a cost-effective and efficient energy storage solution. This new technology not only reduces production costs but also greatly improves energy conversion efficiency, paving the way for the large-scale application of renewable energy. Additionally, Potassium Permanganate is widely used in hydrogen energy technology as an efficient catalyst for water electrolysis to produce hydrogen, promoting the sustainable development of hydrogen energy technology.

"Distressed" and "natural" are the core charms of denim clothing style, and washing is an essential process to achieve this look. The main processing methods for washing denim clothing include general washing, fermentation washing, rinsing, hand rubbing, wrinkling, sandblasting and spraying (Maliu Water spraying). The main chemical used in the rinsing process of high manganese bleaching, fried snowflakes, white discharge printing, spraying (Maliu Water spraying) and other treatments is Potassium Permanganate.

Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄) has strong oxidizing properties and is the only chemical agent that can quickly and thoroughly destroy the indigo and sulfur dyes on denim clothing at room temperature. After the dye is completely removed, the cloth surface is white, and after partial destruction, the cloth surface color is gray. Its treatment effect and style have not been replaced by other chemical agents.

As a pretreatment agent for drinking water, Potassium Permanganate can effectively remove organic pollutants and algae, reduce oxygen consumption, sterilize the water, remove chloroform precursors, iron, manganese, and trace heavy metals, while also providing good oxygenation and coagulation.

Selection of dosing point:

It is best to apply it at the water source;

Arrange the dosing sequence with other water treatment agents, ensuring a certain time interval between them;

Dosing amount: The specific amount should be determined based on the local source water quality;

Dosing method: Prepare a solution of the appropriate concentration, then use a metering pump to add it to the pipeline and mix it with the water to be treated.

Potassium Permanganate is a strong oxidant with bactericidal, disinfecting, and antiseptic properties. In recent years, vegetable farmers have used it to prevent and control vegetable diseases, achieving relatively effective results.

Potassium Permanganate can also be used for greenhouse sterilization, soil disinfection before sowing, and more. Additionally, it provides manganese and potassium, two essential nutrients for vegetables, enhancing yields and serving as both a fertilizer and a fungicide. Thus, Potassium Permanganate is a non-toxic, residue-free, and pollution-free vegetable fungicide that doubles as a fertilizer and medicine.

1. Prevention and control of sudden wilt, damping-off, downy mildew, soft rot, wilt, root rot, and viral diseases：

Before sowing, soak the seeds in warm water for a specific period, then in a diluted Potassium Permanganate. Rinse with clean water, dry in the shade, and sow. After germination, regularly spray the plants with a diluted Potassium Permanganate solution (starting with a dilute solution, then increasing concentration) for effective prevention and control, thereby reducing the incidence of disease.

2. Greenhouse sterilization:

Potassium Permanganate is added to formalin solution to produce formaldehyde vapor, which can be used to sterilize edible fungi inoculation boxes and rooms, and has a good sterilization effect.

3. Sowing soil disinfection:

Sowing soil disinfection: Prepare a diluted Potassium Permanganate solution and carefully spray it with a sprayer. After spraying, cover the soil with plastic film for a few days. Sowing with this treated soil can effectively prevent damping-off, stem rot, and sudden wilt during the seedling stage.

4. Seed disinfection:

Soaking seeds of Solanaceae vegetables such as tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers with diluted Potassium Permanganate solution can prevent and control viral diseases, early blight, anthracnose, brown spot, etc.

Potassium Permanganate is a strong oxidant, with a stronger oxidizing effect than hydrogen peroxide. It can destroy bacterial and microbial tissues through oxidation, making it useful for sterilization and disinfection. Additionally, it is reduced to form manganese dioxide, which combines with proteins to form protein salt complexes. Both this complex and permanganate ions have astringent effects. Furthermore, due to its strong oxidizing properties, Potassium Permanganate is used for detoxification and deodorization, making it widely utilized in poultry farming.

1. Pharmacological effects of Potassium Permanganate

The pharmacological effect of Potassium Permanganate involves its decomposition in water, forming potassium hydroxide, manganese oxide, manganese dioxide, and other substances, while releasing oxygen. The oxygen released can act on bacterial proteins, destroying their structure and thereby killing pathogenic microorganisms. Manganese dioxide can combine with skin mucosal proteins to form a complex that covers the skin mucosa. At low concentrations, Potassium Permanganate has an astringent effect, while at high concentrations, it has a corrosive effect that is stronger than that of hydrogen peroxide. Clinically, it is often used to treat infected and purulent pathological ulcer lesions.

2. Application of Potassium Permanganate in Veterinary Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment

In veterinary clinical practice, Potassium Permanganate is effective for antibacterial and anti-inflammatory purposes, oxidative detoxification, and astringent and antidiarrheal treatments.

1. Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Effects

1.1 Drinking Water Disinfection

Poultry such as chickens, ducklings, and pigeons can be given a Potassium Permanganate solution of a certain concentration to drink several times a day. This promotes the excretion of meconium and effectively prevents diseases like pullorum and coccidiosis. In addition to disinfection, it also increases trace manganese levels, helping to prevent tendinopathy and joint swelling and deformation.

1.2 Feed Disinfection

Before feeding, green feed like forage grass, leaves, peanut vines, sweet potato vines, and corn stalks can be soaked in Potassium Permanganate solution for a certain time, then dried and used as feed. This can prevent coccidiosis, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and other diseases in poultry such as chickens, ducks, geese, birds, and rabbits.

1.3 Skin and Mucous Membrane Disinfection

Rinsing wounds and ulcers from conditions like boils, abscesses, cellulitis, and bedsores with a Potassium Permanganate solution can prevent infection, relieve pain, reduce itching, and decrease inflammation.

1.4 Air and Item Disinfection

Cages, ceilings, floors, walls, and items in enclosed areas such as operating rooms, sterile rooms, brooding rooms, livestock houses, and incubators can be cleaned and disinfected after use to achieve good disinfection results. Fumigation should be done using a deep ceramic container, as it can effectively kill common bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pasteurella.

1.5 Astringent and Antidiarrheal Effect

For gastroenteritis and chronic diarrhea in livestock and poultry, administering a Potassium Permanganate solution can provide effective astringent and antidiarrheal treatment.

III. Precautions

3.1 Prepare the solution as needed and use it immediately, as its disinfection effect decreases or disappears over time.

3.2 Ensure the solution is completely dissolved to avoid the risk of poisoning.

3.3 The soaking time for Potassium Permanganate should not be too short.

Ethylene, as a plant hormone, plays a multifaceted regulatory role in plant physiological processes. It positively influences the ripening and aging of fruits and vegetables. For instance, ethylene stimulates the normal ripening of respiratory climacteric fruits, enhancing their flavor, color, and texture.

However, ethylene also negatively affects the storage of fruits and vegetables after harvest. It plays a major role in plant aging by directly or indirectly impacting metabolism. Ethylene can increase respiration rates, promote fruit softening, cause chlorosis in vegetables, and shorten the post-harvest life of fruits and vegetables.

Therefore, controlling ethylene levels in the storage environment is crucial to maintaining the quality and extending the shelf life of fruits and vegetables after harvest. Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄) is the most commonly used commercial ethylene remover and is widely applied in the preservation of fruits like kiwis, apples, and bananas.

Potassium Permanganate oxidizing absorbents are more effective in removing ethylene compared to physical adsorbents like activated carbon. While activated carbon and other porous materials physically adsorb ethylene gas molecules through weak intermolecular forces, this form of adsorption is easy to reverse. Therefore, physical adsorbents are generally not used alone for ethylene removal but are often employed as carriers for chemical ethylene removers.

Potassium Permanganate partially reacts with water in a neutral environment, decomposing to release oxygen. This oxygen promotes aerobic respiration in fruits, reduces anaerobic respiration, and decreases the production of toxic anaerobic byproducts such as alcohol and acetaldehyde. Potassium Permanganate can directly decompose ethylene, thereby delaying fruit ripening and aging. The KOH produced by this reaction can absorb CO₂ generated by respiration, lowering the CO₂ concentration in the environment and inhibiting the anaerobic respiration of the fruit. According to relevant reports, the manganese dioxide produced in this reaction can adsorb heavy metal ions such as Pb and Cd, contributing to the removal of heavy metal pollution in fruits.

Potassium Permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent that can be used as a disinfectant for aquaculture facilities, fish seeds, and fish bodies. It is effective in preventing and controlling bacterial fish diseases, disinfecting fishery production equipment and tools, and acting as a "three smalls" (small toxicity, small side effects, small dosage) traditional fishery medicine for bacterial disease prevention in aquatic animals.

1. Main Applications

Potassium Permanganate is mainly used to prevent and control bacterial diseases in fish and fungal diseases in aquatic organisms within aquaculture environments. It is effective against conditions such as fish Saprolegniasis, turtle and frog skin mold disease, eel Vibrio disease, gill rot, tail rot, red fin disease, shrimp filamentous bacteria disease, larval slime disease, yellow gill disease, shrimp and crab chytrid disease, fish nematode disease, anchor nematode disease, ringworm disease, uterine nematode disease in carp, wheelworm disease, and oral filariasis.

2. Water Quality Improvement

As a strong oxidant, Potassium Permanganate quickly oxidizes organic matter in water, reduces oxygen consumption caused by respiration, and directly or indirectly improves water quality.

3. Primary Oxygen Release

Potassium Permanganate releases primary oxygen in water, which combines with water molecules to form oxygen. This process avoids the issue of fast-acting oxygenators being affected by water temperature and prevents the formation of microbubbles that escape from the water surface, thereby ensuring prolonged oxygenation. In some regions, Potassium Permanganate is used as an oxygenator, with its solution sprayed throughout the pool to increase the dissolved oxygen content in the water.

4.Oxidation of Toxic Substances

Potassium Permanganate can quickly oxidize toxic substances in water, including toxins secreted or produced by harmful algae, nitrites, organophosphorus pesticides like trichlorfon and malathion, organosulfur pesticides like ferram, and ammonium compounds. Therefore, Potassium Permanganate solution is often used for gastric lavage in cases of pesticide poisoning in both humans and animals to eliminate the effects of these substances.

5. Precautions

When using Potassium Permanganate, it must be diluted to a concentration that does not stain fingers before being applied, to avoid corrosion damage to the gills. It should also not be used with iron or well water with high iron content, as iron ions can be easily oxidized to trivalent iron ions, eventually forming yellow-brown iron hydroxide colloids that may adhere to fish gills, causing suffocation and death.

In the non-ferrous metallurgical industry, Potassium Permanganate is added as an oxidant during the hydrometallurgical process of non-ferrous metals such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and uranium to oxidize the divalent iron dissolved in the acid solution into trivalent iron, adjust the pH value of the solution, and remove the iron by precipitation.

The reaction equation of permanganate with iron ions and manganese ions:

MnO₄₋ + 5Fe²⁺ + 8H⁺=5Fe³⁺ + Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O

2MnO₄₋ + 3Mn²⁺+2H₂0 = 5MnO₂ + 4H⁺

In the electronics industry, the high temperatures generated during the drilling process can cause the prepreg to melt and form smears. These smears not only compromise product quality and performance but can also hinder subsequent production processes. Therefore, finding an effective method for removing these smears is crucial.

The alkaline Potassium Permanganate/Sodium Permanganate method is widely used for this purpose. Its core principle lies in the strong oxidizing property of permanganate. Under high temperature and strong alkaline conditions, permanganate chemically reacts with the resin, dissolving and removing the smear.

This method is effective because it not only removes the smear efficiently but also creates an ideal micro-roughness on the hole wall. This roughness enhances the bonding between the substrate and the metal, thereby improving the overall performance of the product. Additionally, the method offers the advantage of electrolytic regeneration, allowing for some degree of resource recycling and reduced production costs.

Economically and in terms of stability, the alkaline Potassium Permanganate/Sodium Permanganate method also excels. It does not require expensive equipment or complex operating processes, keeping costs relatively low. Furthermore, since the reaction conditions are mild and easy to control, the method is highly stable, ensuring the continuity and consistency of the production process.

Currently, most PCB manufacturers opt for this method to remove glue residue. This choice is driven not only by its efficiency and cost-effectiveness but also by its ability to meet the high-quality and stability requirements of PCB production.

In organic synthesis, Potassium Permanganate serves as an essential reagent for producing a variety of compounds, including sugars, amino acids, and esters. Through its oxidation process, Potassium Permanganate can yield various oxygen-containing compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, as well as dehydrogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds. It is involved in the production of drugs such as sulbactam, tazobactam, pentacarboxylic acids, caron anhydride, caffeine, rivanol, ketoprofen, and hydroxycortisone.

Primarily used for disinfection and sterilization, Potassium Permanganate works by oxidizing and reducing to manganese dioxide, which forms a complex with skin and mucous membrane proteins, aiding in the treatment of skin damage. Low concentrations have an astringent effect, while higher concentrations can be corrosive.

Potassium Permanganate is effective in treating dermatitis, acute eczema, and in gastric lavage for poisoning cases involving substances like morphine, opium, strychnine, and other toxic compounds. It is also used in the first aid treatment of snake bites and for disinfecting items like fruits and tableware.

Additionally, it can disinfect the skin surface, particularly in gynecology and anorectal departments, through warm water baths with diluted Potassium Permanganate. The diluted solution should be light purple, and usage should cease once symptoms improve. While it can treat almost any bacterial infection of the skin or mucous membranes, care must be taken with concentration to avoid damaging the skin or mucous membranes.

By oxidizing unwanted metal ions, Potassium Permanganate improves the quality and effect of electroplating. Its complexation properties help stabilize the plating solution and reduce the impact of adverse factors. Potassium Permanganate is also used to prepare electroplating solutions, facilitating the electrolysis process to plate metals onto other surfaces, enhancing corrosion resistance and aesthetic appeal.

Proper control of Potassium Permanganate’s concentration and processing time is crucial to prevent excessive corrosion or negative effects on electroplating. Adherence to safety regulations is essential to protect personnel and the environment.

Plastic electroplating is gaining popularity due to its ability to combine the benefits of both plastic and metal, offering enhanced mechanical strength and reduced product weight and cost. ABS plastic, a copolymer of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene, is particularly suitable for electroplating due to its ability to form a strong bond with metal coatings after roughening.

Traditionally, hexavalent chromium and formaldehyde, both carcinogenic, are used in ABS pretreatment. However, for environmental protection, alkaline Potassium Permanganate is now used for roughening, and glyoxal replaces formaldehyde as a reducing agent in chemical plating.

Graphene oxide is primarily prepared by exfoliating graphite oxide. In the Hummer’s method, graphite oxide is intercalated with strong oxidants like concentrated sulfuric acid and Potassium Permanganate, converting some carbon atoms from an sp² hybridized state to an sp³ hybridized state. This allows for the dispersion of graphite oxide into single-layer, two-dimensional graphene oxide through ultrasonic processes.

The introduction of oxygen-containing groups enhances water solubility and stability, which is beneficial for preparing modified graphene in scientific research. Additionally, these groups increase the distance between graphite layers, reducing agglomeration and facilitating graphene production.

A mixture of one part sugar and two parts Potassium Permanganate can be ground between two pieces of dry wood to start a fire quickly in dry conditions. Alternatively, a small amount of Potassium Permanganate crystals sprinkled on newspaper with a few drops of antifreeze can ignite the paper within 30 seconds. These methods are useful for troops performing field tasks.

Potassium Permanganate can also purify water by adding 3 to 4 grains per liter of water, turning it light purple after 30 minutes, making it safe to drink or cook with. Additionally, Potassium Permanganate solution can clean wounds and treat fungal infections, and its distinctive purple color can be used as a rescue signal on snow.